The Role of Oxidative Stress in TB Meningitis and Therapeutic Options.

Meningitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be triggered by various factors, including infectious agents like viruses and bacteria and non-infectious contributors such as cancer or head injuries. The impact of meningitis on the central nervous system involves disruptions in the blood-brain barrier, cellular infiltrations, and structural alterations. The clinical features that differentiate between tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and non-tuberculous meningitis (NTM) are discussed in this review and aid in accurate diagnosis. The intricate interplay of reactive oxygen species, ferroptosis, and reactive nitrogen species within the central nervous system reveals a promising field of research for innovative therapeutic strategies tailored to TBM. This review highlights the alternative treatments targeting oxidative stress-induced TBM and ferroptosis, providing potential avenues for intervention in the pathogenesis of this complex condition.

Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiomyopathies: Therapeutic Implications of Glutathione and Iron Chelating Agents.

This review explores ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death reliant on iron-induced phospholipid peroxidation, in diverse physiological and pathological contexts, including neurodegenerative disorders, and ischemia-reperfusion. In the realm of cardiovascular diseases, it significantly contributes to cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ferroptosis involves intricate interactions within cellular iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the balance between polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Molecularly, factors like p53 and NRF2 impact cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis under oxidative stress. Understanding ferroptosis is vital in cardiomyopathies, where cardiac myocytes heavily depend on aerobic respiration, with iron playing a pivotal role. Dysregulation of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4 is linked to cardiomyopathies, emphasizing its significance. Ferroptosis's role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, exacerbated in diabetes, underscores its relevance in cardiovascular conditions. This review explores the connection between ferroptosis, the NRF2 pathway, and atherosclerosis, emphasizing their roles in protecting cells from oxidative stress and maintaining iron balance. It discusses the use of iron chelating agents in managing iron overload conditions, with associated benefits and challenges. Finally, it highlights the importance of exploring therapeutic strategies that enhance the glutathione (GSH) system and the potential of natural compounds like quercetin, terpenoids, and phenolic acids in reducing oxidative stress.